What does 'Vikings' mean?

VIKINGS.................................

The vikings came from Norway, Denmark and Sweden. From around AD 800 until  AD 1100, these terrifying warriors made raids right across Europe, killing, burning and carrying away all they could manage.

* WHERE THE VIKINGS GOOD SAILORS ?

LONG BOAT
A reconstruction of a viking longboat
shows the streamlined, lightweight design.  

Yes. They sailed for thousands of miles across the icy northern oceans in open wooden boats, known as longboats. They learned how to navigate by observing the Sun and the stars.

* WHAT GODS DID THE VIKINGS BELIEVE IN ?

The Vikings prayed to many different gods. Thor sent thunder and protected craftsmen. Odin was the god of wisdom and war. Kindly goddess Freya gave peace and fruitful crops.

*  WHAT WERE VIKING SHIPS MADE OF ?

Narrow, flexible strips of wood, fixed to a solid wooden backbone called a keel. Viking warships were long and a narrow, and could sail very fast. They were powered by men rowing, or by the wind trapped in big square sails.

LEIF ERICSSON

* DID THE VIKINGS REACH AMERICA ? 

Yes, around AD 1000. A bold adventurer named Leif Ericsson sailed westwards from Greenland until he reached 'Vinland' (present-day Newfoundland, Canada). He built a farmstead there, but quarrelled with the local people, and decided to return home.

* WHAT DOES 'VIKING' MEAN ?

The word 'Viking' comes from the old Scandinavian word vik, which means a narrow bay beside the sea. That's where the vikings lived. It was hard to make a living in the cold Viking homelands, so Viking men raided wealthier lands. But not all Viking were raiders. Some travelled to new places to settle, and many were hunters and farmers who never left home.


# WHAT DID VIKINGS SEIZE ON THEIR RAIDS ?

All kinds of treasure. A hoard of silver (below), including coins and belt buckles, was buried by Vikings in the 10th century and discovered by workmen in Lancashire, England, in 1840. The Vikings also kidnapped people to sell as slaves.

Life in water

                     AQUATIC REPTILES

Crocodiles are not the only reptiles that live in oceans, rivers and lakes. Aquatic turtles spend most of their lives in water, coming to land to lay eggs. Their bodies are protected by a hard, bony shell. They cannot breathe in water, so must come to the surface for air.

* HOW DO TURTLES SWIM ?

The Hawksbill turtles is one of the few creatures that feeds mostly on sea sponges.
GIANT FLIPPERS- The female hawksbill uses its flippers for swimming
and for digging nests.

Turtles 'FLY' through the water with the help of their strong, paddle-shaped flippers.
     

Leatherback 

* WHICH IS THE BIGGEST TURTLE ?

The leatherback is the largest of all the turtles. It grows up to 1.6 meters long and weighs up to 360 kilograms. Leatherback turtles can usually be seen far out at sea.


* WHAT DO SEA TURTLES EAT ?

Most sea turtles eats a range of underwater creatures, such as clams, some concentrate on certain foods. For example, the green turtles eats mainly sea grass.


* ARE THERE SNAKES IN THE SEA ?

Turtle-headed snake

Yes there are 50 to 60 species of snakes that spend their `whole lives in the sea. They eat fish and other sea creatures and all are extremely poisonous. One species, the beaked sea snake, is potentially lethal.


* DO TURTLES LIVE IN FRESHWATER ?

Yes, there are about 200 species of freshwater turtles living throughout the world's warmer regions.

* WHERE DO SEA TURTLES LAY THEIRS      EGGS ? 

Female sea turtles dig a pit on a sandy beach in which to lay their eggs. They then cover the eggs with sand. When the young hatches, they dig their way out and struggle to the sea 

Physical Fitness

         FOOD SUPPLEMENTS AND ITS EFFECTS




Dietary or food supplements are the products which intend to provide nutrients which otherwise are not consumed in sufficient quantity. These food supplements are generally Vitamins, Minerals, Fibres, Fatty acids, Amino acids, herbal product, oils, enzymes, Animal organs, Glandular extract, etc.


Most of people are able to get all important nutrients by taking varied and Balance Diet. However, taking food supplements can provide additional nutrients when our diet is lacking or when certain health condition causes to develop some deficiency. There are numerous advantages of dietary/food supplements for health and fitness. However, we should also be aware that taking too much or taking them for long causes harmful effects on health.


ADVANTAGES OF FOOD SUPPLEMENTS :

(1) OVERCOMING DEFICIENT NUTRIENTS :

Food supplements helps to overcomes deficient nutrients, thus full-fill the body needs.

(2) IMPROVE PERFORMANCE :

These products help to improve performance, especially weight training and sport performance  

(3) EASILY AVAILABLE :

These products are easily available from medical stores. 


DISADVANTAGE OF FOOD SUPPLEMENTS

(1) LESS HEALTH:

Food supplements may provide benefits but researches on this prove that they are less healthy than natural diet and food. Thus, Balanced Diet is the best food.

(2) SIDE EFFECTS:

These dietary supplements pose adverse side effects over health of individual.

(3) SYNTHETIC PRODUCTS:

Most of these products are synthetic or chemicals, however, long usage of these food supplements may cause cancer.

(4) UNKNOWN RISK:

Prolonged usage and excessive taking of these food supplements is often harmful for body and develop unknown and unexpected risk over health of individual.

(5) EXPENSIVE:

These products are more expensive than natural food, moreover, they have less nutrients value than fresh fruits and vegetable.

(6) MANY INSTRUCTION:

These products require many instructions for their usage which are difficult to be followed properly.
























  

Earth Extremes

                                                     


On our amazing planet, we could climb 8848 meters high to the summit of Mount Everest or descend 1602 meters beneath the surface in the world deepest's cave. we could sail on the planet;s widest lake or journey across the largest continent. 

* WHICH IS THE LARGEST INLAND BODY OF WATER,     OR LAKE ?

LAKE SUPERIOR

SALTY CASPIAN SEA

 

The salty Caspian sea, which lies partly in Europe and partly in Asia, has an area of about 371,380
square kilometres. The largest freshwater lake is lake Superior, one of the lake Great Lakes of North America. Lake superior has an area of 82,350 square kilometeres.

* WHICH IS THE LOWEST POINT ON LAND ? 

THE DEAD SEA
This inland lake is nearly nine times saltier than the ocean.

The shoreline of the Dead Sea, between Israel and Jordan, is 400 meters below the sea level of the Mediterranean Sea.

* WHICH IS THE DEEPEST CAVE ?

RESEAU JEAN BERNARD

The Reseau Jean Bernard in France is the deepest cave network. It reaches a depth of 1602 meteres.

* WHICH IS THE BIGGEST CONTINENT ?

Asia cover of 44,009,000 square kilometer. The other continents are Africa (30,246,000 square kilometer), North America (24,219,000 sq. kilometer), South America (17,832,000 sq. kilometer), Antarctica (14,000,000 sq. kilometere), Europe (10,443,000 sq. kilometer) and Australia (7,713,000 sq.kilometer).

* WHICH IS THE BIGGEST OCEAN ?

PACIFIC OCEAN

The pacific ocean is the world's largest. It cover a third of the Earth's surface, with an area of 180 million sq. kilometers. The world has four other ocean, in descending order of size; Atlantic, Indian, Southern and Arctic

Telephone invention

                     Phone

What is a telephone?

A telephone is a device used for communication over long distance. It converts sound, especially the human voice, into electronic signal that are transmitted over lon distances via cables or other transmission media. Since its invention, the telephone has been greatly improved an many variants of the original prototype have been developed to serve the various need of people. Today, telephone are indispensable to businesses, government, offices and households.

When was the telephone invented                      and by whom?

The telephone was first patented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell, though its invention was the culmination of work done by many individuals, simultaneously. Bell wanted to improve the telegraph, a wire based electrical system that had been an established means of communication. The telegraph was basically limited to receiving and sending one message at a time. Bell designed a 'harmonic telegraph', which was based on the principal that several notes could be sent simultaneously along the same wire, if the notes or signal differed in pitch.

All that he needed was a working transmitter with a membrane capable of varying electronic currents and a receiver that would reproduce these variation in audible frequencies. While experimenting with his harmonic telegraph, Bell discovered he could hear sound over a wire. The sound was that of a twanging clock spring. Thus the idea of the telephone was realized. Bell's first design had a single - port that required the user to alternately speak into and then listen through the same hole.

What are the part of a telephone?

The handset of a telephone consist of a microphone (transmitter) to speak into and an earphone (receiver)  which reproduces the voice of the distant person. The dial may be located either on the handset, or on a base unit to which the handset is connected by cord containing wires. The base unit also contains an alerting device, called the ringer, and a switch hook , which is spring - loaded button that gets pressed, when the handset is put on base units. The switch hook actually breaks the electrical circuit thus terminating the call. There is also a duplex coil that blocks the caller's voice from reaching his ear.

 How does a telephone work?

A telephone's mouthpiece that contain a transmitter has a thin, round metal disk called a diaphragm. When a person talks into the telephone, the sound wave strike the diaphragm and make it vibrate. The diaphragm vibrates at various speeds,depending on the variations in air pressure caused by the varying tones of the speaker's voice. Behind the diaphragm lies a small cup filled with tiny grains of carbon which, which contain a low voltage electric current. Louder sound create stronger vibrations that squeeze the carbon grains more loosely. As the vibrating diaphragm presses against these carbon grains, the current copies the pattern of the sound waves and travels over a telephones wire to the receiver of another telephone. The receiver also a diaphragm with two magnets - a permanent magnet that constantly holds the diaphragm close to it stronger or weaker according to the loud or soft sounds. This action causes the diaphragm to vibrate according to the speaker's speech pattern. As the diaphragm moves in and out, it the same as the ones sent into the transmitter. The sound wave strike the ear of the listener and he hears the words of the speaker.

How many types of telephones are            there?

Telephone are made in variety of form. A landline telephone is connected by a pair of wires to the telephone network, while a mobile phone communicates through radio transmission. A cordless telephone has a portable handset base station which is connected by a wire to the telephone network.

A satellites telephone or satphone is a type of mobile phone that connects to orbiting satellites, instead of terrestrial cell sites.

what is the structure of a telephone network ?

The telephone network consists of a worldwide net of telephone line, fibre optic cable, microwave transmission, cellular network, communications satellites, and undersea telephones cable connected by switching centers.

                                          Kapishrawat12.blogspot.com🍈